Up to 40% have unknown causes. This can be due to a PFO in 60% of cases. We now refer to these cases as “PFO-related stroke".

SCUBA divers who suffer from decompression illness are extremely likely to have a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) or Atrial Septal Defect (ASD).

Our studies show that for some people, a cardiac condition, known as a PFO, is a major contributing factor to migraine with aura.